Training materials for the second NOWPAP Training Course on Remote Sensing Data Analysis
-Lecture sessions-
Introduction to Ocean Color Remote Sensing
Roland Doerffer, Optical Remote Sensing Lab, GKSS Institute for Coastal Research, Germany
Day 1, 9:20 - 10:50
The
introduction lecture into Ocean Colour remote sensing comprises two
major parts: (1) the determination of the relationship between water
constituents and their inherent optical properties and the water
leaving radiance reflectance spectrum and (2) the determination of the
influence of atmosphere on this signal at aircraft or satellite
altitude. Since the water leaving radiance is small compared to the
signal by the atmosphere the correction of the influence of the
atmosphere is the most critical step. For the interpretation of the
water leaving radiance spectra algorithms have been developed for two
different water types: case 1 water, where only phytoplankton
determines the variability of water colour, and case 2 water, where
also other substances cause the variability. Algorithms for the complex
case 2 waters are mainly based on inverse modelling techniques the
principles of which will be demonstrated.
Material 1 (PDF)
Material 2 (PDF)Remote sensing application for eutrophication in Europe
Roland Doerffer, Optical Remote Sensing Lab, GKSS Institute for Coastal Research, Germany
Day 1, 11:00 - 12:30
One
major application of ocean colour remote sensing is to monitor
phytoplankton distribution as well as additional variables to study the
trophic state and primary production of a region. Of particular
interest are also exceptional harmful algal blooms. In this lecture
methods will be demonstrated to monitor algal blooms using different
remote sensing data, derive primary production parameters and determine
primary production in coastal waters in particular of the North Sea,
which properties are similar to those of the Yellow Sea between Korea
and China. A simple model will be demonstrated to compute primary
production for this kind of turbid waters with high concentrations of
nutrients, where light can become a limiting factor.
Material (PDF)
Introduction to CEARAC activities
Genki Terauchi, Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Centre, NOWPAP
Day 1, 13:30 - 14:30
Some of the useful satellite data distribution system will be
introduced during the lecture. Trainees can learn how to order and
obtain satellite data images and products from various satellite data
distribution systems such as NASA ocean color web, Marine Environmental
Watch Project Homepage and JAXA MODIS Near Real time Data System.
Through the lecture, trainees are expected to understand the
differences among the various satellite data systems.
Material (PDF)Remote sensing application for monitoring and assessment of eutrophication in the NOWPAP region
Joji Ishizaka, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan
Day 2, 9:00 - 10:00
Northwestern
Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) is one of the regional action plans of
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), and the plan covers the
Japan/East Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea surrounded by China,
Korea, Japan and Russia. In the NOWPAP region, environmental change has
been reported recently, such as frequent occurring of extensive red
tides and massive appearance of large jelly fish. Ship observation in
this area is not easy because of the complex relationship between
countries, and satellite observation is the key to understand the
environmental change of this area.
In this lecture, examples
of analysis of satellite ocean color data as an indicator of
eutrophication in the Japan/East Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea.
Material (PDF)
Estimation of Primary Production with Satellite Ocean Color Data
Joji Ishizaka, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan
Day 2, 10:00 - 11:00
Primary
production is one of the most important parameters for both fisheries
management and for understanding of global carbon cycle.
Measurements of primary production have been dependent on incubation
method with carbon isotope, and the value is believed to be close to
net primary production. It is usually expressed as carbon uptake for
photosynthesis per unit area/volume per unit time, and function of
light, temperature, nutrients, phytoplankton community and other
factors. There have been many models to estimate primary production
with satellite ocean color data.
In this lecture, definition, importance and methods of primary production measurements and estimation will be covered.
Material (PDF)
Methods for Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery
Robert FROUIN, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA
Day 2, 11:15 - 12:15
Processes
affecting ocean color observed from space, namely gaseous absorption,
molecule and aerosol scattering, aerosol absorption, and Fresnel and
whitecap reflection, will be described. An general expression for the
signal measured at satellite altitude will be derived, taking into
account the various interactions within the ocean-atmosphere system.
Useful atmospheric functions will be defined. Approaches to atmospheric
correction of satellite ocean-color imagery will be presented. They
include utilizing near-infrared observations to estimate aerosol
scattering, matching spectral observations with simulations, minimizing
atmospheric and surface effects, exploiting multi-angular information,
and analysing principal components of the top-of-atmosphere signal and
marine reflectance. The ability of the methods to handle situations of
Case 2 waters, absorbing aerosols, Sun glint, and clouds will be
examined
Material 1 (PDF)
Material 2 (PDF)
Estimation techniques of Chlorophyll-a concentration by remote sensing
Sun Ling, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, China
Day 3, 9:00 - 10:30
Chlorophyll
a concentration (Chl-a) is an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and
can be estimated on a global or regional scale using remotely sensed
ocean color. In this lecture, we will quickly review the oceanic
optical properties which are the basis of Chl-a estimation from ocean
color. Then the widely used and operational global Chl-a estimation
models are discussed, including empirical and semi-analytical models.
Global models tend to be impropriate for regional Case 2 waters. So,
the local Chl-a models and preliminary results in China coastal regions
are shown. Besides, the recent achievements in the YOC (Ocean Color
Project of Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Project) with a common
dataset are presented. At last, the ocean color products of Chinese
FY3A MERSI (Medium Resolution Spectral Imager) are briefly introduced.
Material (PDF)
Satellite estimation of components of a budget of the shortwave solar radiation at the sea surface and in the near surface ocean
Oleg KOPELVICH, Ocean Optics Laboratory, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Day3, 10:45 - 12:15
A
problem of satellite estimation of a budget of ultraviolet and visible
solar radiation at the sea surface and in the near surface ocean is
considered. The focus is on the budget components (incident, reflected,
water-leaving, penetrating to the different depths, and absorbed at the
water column) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) important
for marine primary production and influence on the thermal structure
and heat content in the upper layer.
Satellite estimation of
components of PAR radiation requires solution of two difficult
problems. The first is a development of models and algorithms for fast
computation of the radiation transfer in the atmosphere-ocean system
with the rough sea surface. The second is an inverse problem to derive
from satellite data the input parameters of the atmosphere and ocean
required for the computation.
The solutions of the both problems
and the error estimates are considered. Some results of computations
are demonstrated and discussed. Effects of different factors are
analyzed.
Material (PDF)
Detection of HABs/Redtides
Palanisamy Shanmugam, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
Yu-Hwan Ahn, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Korea
Day 4, 9:00 - 10:30
During
the last few decades, several planktonic dinoflagellates (including C.
polykrikoides) have caused mass mortality, physical impairment, and
numerous ecological and health impacts in Northwest Pacific (NWP)
waters. In order to detect, monitor, forecast and mitigate the impact
of such harmful algal blooms (HABs) at local, regional and global
scales, remote sensing technology has been recognized as a key element
as it provides relatively high frequency synoptic information over
large areas. Several of previous studies attempted to detect and
monitor HABs based on satellite-derived chlorophyll or chlorophyll
anomaly. However, accurate detection of these blooms seemed ineffective
because of the absence of contemporaneous observations of the
documented blooms by satellites. Though high chlorophyll anomaly is not
always necessarily due to harmful blooms because other non-HAB species
can often exhibit similar pigment concentrations or the cases of less
photosynthetic red tide organisms may produce weaker chlorophyll
signature that cannot be captured from the chlorophyll anomalous image,
satellite-derived pigment products most likely suffer from
uncertainties in atmospheric correction and bio-optical algorithms,
caused by coastally influenced colored dissolved organic and
particulate inorganic components and perhaps even a shallow bottom. For
that reason, delineation of a particular phytoplankton species was
accomplished with the development of robust techniques based on unique
optical properties of harmful algae, for example, the
backscattering/Chl ratio algorithms. However, operational use of these
methods would be successful only in waters with less abundance of
dissolved organic and particulate inorganic matters. To overcome the
limitations and problems associated with the above methods, recent
studies needed to look for other methods based on fluorescence line
height (FLH) measurements from satellite or in-situ data. Although
these methods significantly improve the detection of HABs, their
products are still questionable in coastal waters because of the high
SS concentrations.
Thus, remote sensing requires robust,
quantitative, and cost-effective methods to detect and characterize
various HABs in coastal and offshore waters. Here we demonstrate the
performance of red tide index algorithms to detect and monitor a wide
range of HABs using SeaWiFS images in NWP waters. The initiation,
transport and dispersion of these blooms are compared with the sea
surface temperature, sea surface height/geostrophic currents, and wind
fields. The results indicate that surface circulation and coastal
eutrophication are major factors to influence the coastal distribution
and retention of blooms and transport them from the shelves to offshore
or from the offshore to shelves regions.
Material (PDF)
Monitoring of coastal and marine environment by remote sensing (I): A case study in Korea
Hong-Rhyong Yoo, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea
Day 4, 10:45 - 12:15
Monitoring of coastal and marine environment by remote sensing (II): A case study in Korea
Joo-Hyung Ryu, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea
Day 4, 13:30 - 14:30
The
project "Optimum Utilization of Satellite Data for Ocean Research"
would be a typical case study for Monitoring of coastal and marine
environment by remote sensing in Korea. It aims to improve applications
of satellite remote sensing in ocean research and to contribute to the
sustainable development and environmental preservation of the Earth's
oceans.
Initiated as "Public Application Research of Satellite
Data" which is a cooperative project between the Korea Ocean Research
and Development Institute (KORDI) and the Korea Aerospace Research
Institute (KARI) the project focuses on two main activities: expansion
of satellite data user base, particularly among non-specialists through
the Cyber Center for Ocean Remote Sensing, and development of basic
techniques for applying remote sensing to oceanographic studies.
The
Cyber Center provides information on available image data as well as on
the environmental situation at the time of image acquisition. It also
provides training and education to expand the use of remotely sensed
data. Three sub-projects have been undertaken to develop basic
techniques for applying satellite-acquired data on oceanographic
researches. The "Study of the Coastal Area Using High Resolution
Satellite Images" revealed geomorphological changes in tidal flats
south of Ganghwado, Korea, based on three-dimensional analysis of
digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained from several temporal series
of satellite images. Analyses based on algorithms for detecting red
tides developed through the sub-project "Application of Ocean Color
Images"revealed that red tides from the East Sea of China re-occurred
in the seas adjacent to Korea by a series of successive reproduction.
This process had not been previously documented. The "Application of
SAR to the Field of Oceanography" study has sought to improve the use
of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations to mitigate damage
associated with marine disasters and for coastal management. The
project results should contribute to the optimum utilization of Korean
satellites such as KOMPSAT and COMS and to the improvement of research
output for studies based on satellite remote sensing.
Material 1 (PDF)
Material 2 (PDF) Introduction to ocean data distribution system
Joo-Hyung Ryu, Chan-Su Yang, Yu-Hwan Ahn, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea
Day 4, 14:30 - 15:30
In
Ansan (the headquarter of KORDI ; Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute), KOSC(Korea Ocean Satellite Center) is being
prepared for acquisition, processing and distribution of sensor data
via L-band from GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) instrument which
is loaded on COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite);
it will be launched in 2009. The basis equipment of KOSC(Electric
power, Network, Security) has been constructed in 2007. KOSC is being
constructed data processing and management system, GOCI L-band
reception system, etc. The final object of KOSC is that maximize the
application of GOCI.
In worldwide the operational oceanographic
systems have been setup to fulfill various demands. In this lecture the
recent efforts to develop Korea Operational Oceanographic System (KOOS)
in Korea will be introduced. The total 79 real-time ocean/coastal
observing stations (tidal stations, buoys, light towers, etc.) which
are part of KOOS are operating by several organizations such as
National Oceanographic Research Institute (NORI), Korea Meteorological
Agent (KMA), and Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute
(KORDI). After proper calibration all obtained data are used to
hindcast/nowcast/forecast for various applications such as tides, storm
surges, currents, and so on. KOOS is contributed as a part of North
East Asian Regional - Global Ocean Observing System (NEAE-GOOS) which
is a subset of GEOSS (Global Earth Observing System of Systems).
Material (PDF) Introduction to ocean monitoring activities in Korea
Sang-Woo Kim, Nation Fisheries research & Development Institute, Korea
Day 4, 16:00 - 17:30
NFRDI
(National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) has been
receiving the satellite data since 1989 and operating four kinds of the
earth observing satellites. The satellite ocean information are
obtained the sea surface temperature data, which is related to the cold
water mass, thermal front etc in Korean waters, from the NOAA satellite
series and the MTSAT (Multi functional Transport Satellite) satellite,
and the ocean color data such as phytoplankton pigment, turbid water
distributions from the SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor)
and MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellites.
The monitored data in Korean waters are distributed through the website
of the NFRDI, the public PC communication network and a facsimile
system on a daily base.
The objective of this lecture is to
evaluate the usefulness of remote sensing techniques as a monitoring
tool for the marine environment in Korean waters. Also, I would like to
introduce about the ocean monitoring activities of NFRDI in Korea.
Material (PDF)
-Hands-on sessions-
Hands-on Practice on WIM/WAM
Dr. Mati Kahru, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, USA
Day 1-3
A
set of practical hands-on training on WIM/WAM software to learn how to
visualize and analyze satellite data images will be conducted during
the course.
By the end of the course, trainees are expected to
obtain knowledge and skill on; how to obtain, process and analyze
satellite data images of chlorophyll-a concentration and SST.
Contents:
- Getting started
Material (PDF)
- Basics of digital image analysis
Material (PDF)
- Basics of satellite image analysis
Material (PDF)
- Exericises with level 2 satellite data
Material 1 (PDF)
Material 2 (PDF)
- Exericises with L3 time series movie
Material (PDF)
- Time series with L3 ocean color data
Material (PDF) - Detecting global changes in phytoplankton bloom magnitude
Material (PDF) - Validation of satellite data
Material (PDF)
Introduction to SeaDAS
Hee-Jeong Han, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea
Day 5, 10:30 – 12:15
The
SeaDAS software is rolled to data processing software of many ocean
color imaging sensors on sun-synchronous satellite, especially the
SeaWiFS on OrbView2 and the MODIS on Aqua. We can overview of this
software and developing history, related documents/links, supported
data formats and operating systems, and hardware/software requirements
for installing. And then I introduce to the procedures of installation
and configuration of seadas. So we can see seadas major functions for
data processing and analysis. These data processing functions have so
many options for many derived products related on ocean color
algorithms. For data display, the software is supported powerful menu
like griding/ coast line/ subscene/ zooming/ data picking by mouse/
making ascii/binary/image file from original data, etc. I demonstrate
these functions on my linux laptop. Finally, I introduce the windows
version seadas developed by KORDI and the GOCI data processing system
(GDPS).
Material (PDF)
Hands on exercises on Level-2 Chlorophyll-a concentration data
Genki Terauchi, Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Centre, NOWPAP
Day 5, 13:30 – 17:30
Level-2
Chlorophyll-a concentration data will be ordered from NASA Ocean Color
Web. Obtained data then will be mapped and composited to create time
series graphs to understand inter-annual and seasonal variability of
Chlorophyll-a concentration. This lecture provides hands-on
guidance on how to order Level-2 Chlorophyll-a concentration and
process those obtained data for time series analysis.
Material (PDF)